The Surface Water Resource of Crocker Range Park, Sabah
Murtedza Mohamed¹, Lee Yook Heng² and Geri Gopir²

Abstract
The protection of the forest cover in headwater areas is crucial for the sustainabilily of downstream water resources, both in terms of quantity and quality. The Crocker Range Park (CRP) in Sabah has been gazetted primarily for this reason. A study was carried out to establish the catchment characteristics and water quality status of 12 major streams draining the eastern and western slopes of CRP. Analyses of both primary data sets and data sourced from the ongoing monitoring programmes by government agencies indicated that streams on the eastern slopes of CRP were generally of excellent quality although to some extent tainted with carbonate mineral leachate. Further downstream, the water quality of these streams and those draining the western flood plains were found to deteriorate, primarily by anthropogenic inputs such as suspended solids and faecal coliforms. Computation results for water quality-based river classification showed that all the streams studied generally belonged to Class II.

Floristic Composition of Forest Formation at Mahua, Crocker Range National Park, Sabah
 Isa Ipor, Hamsawi Sani and Cheksum Tawan¹

Abstract
The floristic composition of mixed dipterocarp forest of Mahua Crocker Range National Park Sabah was investigated with respect to plant diversity, vegetative structure and physiognomy. The assessment of above ground biomass, relative frequency, relative density, relative dominance and important values of tree species revealed that Duabanga moluccana tops the list of the tree species studied with respect to dominance. This was followed by Knema ashtonii, Agathis lanceolata, Lithocarpus cantleyanus and Litsea ochracea. The least dominant species was Xanthophyllum schizocarpum and followed by Baringtonia sarcostachys, Shorea maxwelliana, Alseodaphne insignis, Litsea resinosa, Beilsmedia pauciflora, Alseodaphne foxiana, Endiandra kingiana and Litsea machilifolia.

An Account and Preliminary Checklist of The Angiosperms and Gymnosperms of Crocker Range, Sabah
 A.Latiff, Berhaman Ahmad, A. Zainudin Ibrahim and K. Mat-Salleh¹

ABSTRACT
The Crocker Range is the backbone of Sabah, consisting of mountain range running from the north of Mt. Kinabalu to south of Tenom. The enumeration provided herein, based on collection during this short expedition, includes over 200 specimen records. The enumeration recognises 199 vascular plant species belonging to 151 genera and 71 families; 40 taxa are incompletely determined. The Rubiaceae and Euphorbiaceae are the two largest families in the flora with 14 and 13 species, respectively. The genera Ficus and Tetrastigma are the two largest with 8 and 7 species, respectively.

Araceae of The Crocker Range National Park Sabah: A Preliminary Survey, Checklist and Generic Key
 Peter C. Boyce¹, Baharuddin Sulaiman² and Jain Lintong³

Abstract
A preliminary survey, tabulated and referenced checklist and generic key to the Araceae of the Crocker Range Park is presented based on fieldwork undertaken during the Crocker XPDC’99  supplemented with surveys of specimens in major Asian and European herbaria. A total of 16 genera comprising 73 species of which 70 are indigenous to Sabah are recorded.

The Apocynaceae of The Crocker Range National Park Sabah
David J. Middleton¹

Abstract
The genera and species of Apocynaceae sensu stricto for the Crocker Range National Park in Sabah are presented. The taxa included are based on fieldwork done in the area plus an examination of the herbarium material in the major Malaysian, other Asian, European and American herbaria. A key to the genera for the whole of Borneo and keys to the species in the Crocker Range are given.

A Brief Account on The Wild Piper (Piperaceae) of The Crocker Range, Sabah
C.S. Tawan, I.B. Ipor, B.A. Fashihuddin and H. Sani¹

Abstract
Seven species of wild Piper namely Piper canimum Bl., P. erecticaule C.DC, P. aff. longamentum C.DC, P. magnibaccum C.DC, P. poryphyrophyllum N.E. Br., P. umbellatum Linn., P. aff. ridleyi C.DC were collected from various localities of the Crocker Range, Sabah during the expedition held on the 15-24 October 1999. Most of the species were climbers except P. erecticaule P. aff. longamentum and P. umbellate which were erect shrubby herbs. Two other Piper spp. represented by sterile specimens were also collected. Most of these species prefer shady, moist habitats with moderate light penetrating through the forest gaps. They are often seen creeping on the forest floors, fallen trunks, rocks and up on the living trees. However, the collection of the Piper  species from these areas were still far from complete and extensive collection should be done in the future.

A Preliminary Phytochemical Survey of Plants in Crocker Range, Sabah, Malaysia
 Laily b. Din, Nik Idris Yusoff, Mohd Wahid Samsudin, Ujang Suki, K. Mat Salleh, A. Zainudin Ibrahim, A. Latiff and Ikram M. Said¹

Abstract
A phytochemical screening of alkaloids, steroids or triterpenes and saponins was carried out on 103 leaf samples from 102 plant species representing 78 genera and 41 families. All plant materials were collected during the Crocker Range Scienttific Expedition. From the samples screened, a total of 4, 19 and 53 leaf samples were found to give positive results for alkaloids, steroids/triterpenes and saponin, respectively.

Phytochemical Studies on Piper Umbellaatum L.
Fasihuddin B. Ahmad and Cheksum Tawan¹

Abstract
Piper spp. are widely used by the local communities living in the vicinities of Crocker Range Park Sabah for treating various diseases and also as natural insecticides. Chemical studies on Piper umbellatum L. resulted in the isolation of three pure compounds identified as isoasarone, 2-(4’-methoxyphenyl)-3-methyl-5-propenylbenzofuran and 2,3-dihydro-2-(4-hydrophenyl)-3-methyl-5-propenylbenzofuran. The chemical structures of these compounds were elucidated by spectral methods.

A Survey of Freshwater Fish Fauna in The Upper Rivers of Crocker Range National Park Sabah, Malaysia
Khairul Adha A. Rahim, Shabdin Mohd Long and Fatimah Abang¹

Abstract
The fish fauna distribution in six rivers in the Crocker Range National Park was examined. All the six rivers surveyed were generally shallow, fast flowing with clear water and rocky and sandy substrate. At the time of survey, all rivers gave excellent water quality data. A total of 17 fish species belonging to four families were sampled. The gastromyzontids represented the major species in all the rivers surveyed, comprising 59.5% of the total number of fish caught. Commercially valuable fish such as the Tor species was also found in the rivers studied.

Fishes From Mountain Streams in The Crocker Range Park Sabah, Malaysia
Kathryn Kavanagh¹

Abstract
A preliminary survey of fishes from the mountain streams of Crocker Range National Park Sabah revealed the presence of at least nineteen species belonging to three families, Cyprinidae, Balitoridae, and Poeciliidae. One specimen of the eel Anguilla prob. borneensis (Anguillidae) was also collected. Cyprinids constituted the largest percentage of species and genera, while balitorids constituted the majority of individuals.

An Account of Anuran at Crocker Range National Park, Sabah
 Ramlah Zainudin, Lizanah Wasly and Haidar Ali¹

Abstract
The survey was conducted at three localities at Crocker Range National Park, Sabah. A total of 110 individuals and 18 species belonging to the family of Ranidae, Bufonidae, Microhylidae, Megophryidae and Rhacophoridae were identified. The family of Ranidae (44%) dominated the area with Rana kuhli being the most abundant (65 individuals). There was no significant difference in terms of species occurrence for both sites A and B (H=47.50, Mann-Whitney). Although more individuals were captured at Site A with a total of 73 individuals, Site B appeared to be more diverse in terms of species captured (H=0.829).

The Macroinvertebrate Community of The Fast Flowing Rivers in The Crocker Range National Park Sabah, Malaysia
 Shabdin Mohd. Long, Fatimah Abang and Khairul Adha A. Rahim¹

Abstract
The macroinvertebrate community of the fast flowing rivers of the Crocker Range Park examined consists mainly of insects. All the six rivers surveyed demonstrated excellent water quality. The assemblages of taxa reported from the study sites are considered as that typical of the macroinvertebrate fauna in tropical rivers. Out of the existing ten orders of insects that contain aquatic species, a total of 7 orders of aquatic insect species were encountered in the rivers surveyed. These are Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Plecoptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Trichoptera and Diptera. In addition to these insects, the hexapodan Collembola was also encountered. The overall macroinvertebrate density ranges from 71 to 303 individuals per lm sq and all sampling sites were found to sustain at least three groups of taxa with the exception of Sg. Tikolud, which only contains the dipteran chironomids. The dipteran chironomid fauna was dominant and found at all stations and forms the highest density of up to 250 individuals per m² in Sg. Tandulu and Balayo.

Population Dynamics of Freshwater Molluscs (Gastropod: Melanoides Tuberculata) in Crocker Range Park, Sabah
Z. Supian and A. M. Ikhwanuddin¹

Abstract
A study of population dynamic of freshwater molluscs (gastropod: Melanoides tuberculata) at Crocker Range Park was conducted at two sites during 15 to 24 October 1999. Only one species of fresh water gastropod belonging to family Thiaridae was found and identified. Melanoides tuberculata dominated the fast flowing upper and middle stream. They were found in abundance within their standard length size range of 0.2 -2.5cm. The relationship between their diameter and standard length of the species was investigated. While a positive correlation (R²=0.9227) was obtained for samples collected from the Mahua river, those from Baiayo river gave a contrasting value (R²=0.201).

Preliminary Survey of Mammals at Crocker Range Park (Park Headquarters) Sabah, Malaysia
A.A Tuen¹, L.S. Hall² M.A. Rahman¹ and M.A. Salleh¹

Abstract
A preliminary survey of mammal community was conducted in the secondary and primary forests along the Keningau-Kimanis Road (near Park Headquarters) from 16-22 October 1999. Traps and mist nets were used to capture small mammals while observational methods were used to record large mammal presence. From a total effort of 316 trap-days, 35 individuals representing 15 species of small mammals were captured. Half ofthe animals caught were bats. Five species were common to both secondary and primary forests, six species were caught in primary forest only and four in secondary forest only. Capture rates was 0.08 animal/trap-day for mousetraps in both secondary and primary forest habitats while the capture rate for bats was 0.39 and 0.13 bat/net-night in secondary and primary forests, respectively. In general, the primary forest seems to be more diverse compared to secondary forest in terms of the number of non-volant species. Bearded pig is the most common large animal in the secondary forest but no sign of this animal or any other large mammals were detected in the primary forest. None of the mammals are classified as threatened or endangered by IUCN.

Preliminary Survey of Bats of The Crocker Range National Park Sabah, Malaysia
 Andrew Alek Tuen¹, Maklarin bin Lakim² and Les Hall³

Abstract
Based on fieldwork in conjunction with the Crocker Range Expedition during October 1999 eight species of bats were recorded. Examination of Sabah Park mammals collection from Trus Madi, Kinabalu Park and Poring Hot Spring as well as search of the available literature revealed an additional 33 species of bats, giving an overall record of 41 species. These include 11 species of megachiropteran and 30 species of microchiropteran. Fifteen of the bats listed are known to roost in caves. None of the hats are endemic to Crocker Range Park but the naked bat, Cheiromeles torquatus, may be threatened.

Bird Diversity of The Crocker Range National Park, Sabah, Malaysia
 M. A. Rahman, M. A. Salleh and A. A. Tuen¹

Abstract
A study of bird fauna was conducted at Park Headquarters of Crocker Range Park and its vicinity from 16-22 October 1999. Crocker Range Park Headquarters is located about 8 km from Keningau town. Mist-net and transect study were conducted in secondary and primaryforest. A total of 840 net/hr were deployed with total capture of 32 birds of 17 species from seven families. Of 17 species, seven species were caught in secondary forest and 13 species in primary forest. Three species were caught in both secondary and primary forests. A total of 51 species were recorded from 24 families in the transect study. Thirty species were recorded in secondary forest, 33 species in primary forest and 13 species in both secondary and primary forests. There was no marked difference in species composition and diversity between secondary and primary forests. Some endangered and vulnerable species categorised under international conservation status were present in the study area. It is, therefore, pertinent that protection and conservation programmes for the park should be based on the presence of these species.

A Brief Survey of Bird Species at Mahua Basecamp and Ulu Senagang, Crocker Range National Park, Sabah
Shahrul Anuar Mohd Sah, Mohd Hifni Baharuddin and Ganesan Muthaiya¹

Abstract
A survey of the avifauna found around two base camps located in the vicinity of the Crocker Range National Park (CRNP); namely the Mahua campsite, Tambunan and Ulu Senagang, Tenom, was conducted from the 14-21 October 1999 as part of the Scientific Expedition organised by the Universiti Malaysia Sarawak and the Sabah Parks. Field observations and mist-netting were carried out in both primary and secondary forests. From a single day survey at Mahua campsite, our study recorded a total of 11 bird species from eight families while a six-day field observation and mist netting at Ulu Senagang recorded 41 bird species from 18 families. A total of 22 bird species were mist-netted.

The Larger Moths (Lepidoptera:Heterocera) of The Crocker Range National Park, Sabah: A Preliminary Checklist
Fatimah Abang and Catherine Ak Karim¹

Abstract
The larger moth fauna of a hill mixed dipterocarp forest at the Crocker Range Park (CRP) was studied from light trap samples. A total of 859 individuals were collected comprising of 370 species from 15 families. A preliminary checklist of the larger moth species collected from the Park is presented. The CRP moth species diversity is found to be considerably high with an observed α of 249.75 ± 28.09. This falls in the 200-400 range as the typical values for the larger moths of Borneo. Of the 15 families encountered, the Noctuidae and Geometridae represent the most diverse families while the three least diverse families are Brahmaeidae, Saturniidae and Bombycidae. None of the Nolidae, Callidulidae, Ratardidae and Zygaenidae were collected. As high as 62% of the total species collected are singletons, comprising of 27% of the total individuals collected. The reason for this is unclear, however, this could indicate that the larger moth fauna of the CRP is highly diverse. Some of these singleton species are recorded as rare in Borneo while the others are either uncommonly encountered or only reported from Borneo. The geometrid Amblychia infoveata Prout and Godonela nora Walker and the eupteroptid Eupterote multiarcuata Holloway were among the most frequently encountered species.

Cicada (Homoptera: Cicadoidea) Fauna of Crocker Range Park, Sabah
M.I. Zaidi¹ W. Nordin² , M. Maryati², A. Wahab³, M.F. Norashikin³, K. Catherine³ and A. Fatimah³

ABSTRACT
A total of 15 cicada species in 9 genera (8 belonging to the family Cicadidae and one to the family Tibicinidae) was recorded for Crocker Range Park during the expedition period to the park (14-24 October 1999). Comparison of records revealed the following. Of the 15 species collected and identified, 12 were new records for the park. The 12 new records were Platypleura sp., Tanna bakeri Moulton, Orientopsaltria alticola (Distant), Orientopsaltria hollowayi Duffels & Zaidi, Orientopsaltria ida (Moulton), Orientopsaltria kinabaluana Duffels & Zaidi, Platylomia spinosa (Fabricius), Tosena fasciata Distant, Pomponia decem (Walker), Pomponia graecina Distant, Pomponia lactea (Distant) (Cicadidae) and Sceiroptera splendidula (Fabricius) (Tibicinidae). Of the previous total record of 5 species for the park, 3 [Cryptotympana aquila (Walker), Dundubia rufivena Walker, Dundubia vaginata (Fabricius)] were also found while the other 2 [Tacua speciosa (Illiger), Pomponia merula Distant] were not found in the park during the expedition period. Hence, the samplings during the expedition have increased the previous total record of 5 species in 4 genera under 1 family to a present total record of 17 species in 10 genera (9 under the family Cicadidae and 1 under the family Tibicinidae) for the park. Of the 6 studied sectors, Mahua (Tambunan) sector and Keningau Headquarters sector appeared to be better sites in manifesting high cicada species richness of the park (8 out of the 17 species were found in each site). These were followed by the other sector, Tondulu (Tambunan), Ulu Senagang (Tenom), Ulu Kimanis (Keningau) and Ulu Limanis (Papar), where 7, 4, 3, 2 species were found respectively. Comparatively, thus far, D. vaginata appeared to be the most common species spatially as well as temporally in the park. During the expedition (i.e. in the month of October), P. lactea appeared to be the most abundant species, followed by D. rufivena, O. ida and O. alticola.

Detection of Pneumocystis Carinii in Lungs of Wildlife Mammals From Crocker Range Park by PCR Amplification
Zunika Amit¹, Siti Fairouz Ibrahim¹ Melanie T. Cushion² and Thomas M. Sasterhenn²

ABSTRACT
DNAs from 19 lungs of small wild mammals were screened for Pneumocystis carinii using PCR amplification. Products of PCR which could indicate the presence of P. carinii were seen in samples of DNA obtained from three different species. Since this is just a preliminary report, further sequencing is needed to verify the presence of P. carinii in these particular species.

Actinomycetes Isolated From Soil Samples From The Crocker Range Sabah
 C.W. Lo, N.S. Lai, H-Y Cheah, N.K.I. Wong and C.C. Ho¹

Abstract
A diversity of actinomycetes was isolated from various sites of top soils throughout the Crocker Range in Sabah. The soils were mainly collected during the expedition (15-25 October 1999) together with 2 soil samples collected on 28 November 1999 under Rafflesia keithii in the Rafflesia Reserve Forest, Gunung Mas. A total of 78 strains of actinomycetes, probably mostly Streptomyces, were obtained from different sites. Amongst these strains 20 have been aerobically grown in shaking liquid cultures. Acetone extracts of these cultures were screened for MAPK Kinase and MAP Kinase Phosphatase in a yeast system in the preliminary screening of novel cancer drugs. This screening system is based on the fact that the MAP kinase pathway is homologues from yeast to human. However, no such inhibitors were found. A few strains with pigmentation were collected from specific locations.